Researchers at Penn State have developed a new fabrication method that allows a programmable ...

With possible applications in information encryption and adaptive camouflage, the material is a programmable hydrogel film, the appearance, texture and mechanical response of whic ...

Despite the prevalence of synthetic materials across different industries and scientific fields, most are developed to serve ...

New fabrication method produces hydrogel-based smart synthetic skin with adjustable optical, mechanical, and surface ...

Inspired by the shape-shifting skin of octopuses, Penn State researchers developed a smart hydrogel that can change ...

While we are still trying to understand the possibilities and limits of three-dimensional printing and additive manufacturing, a new term has emerged for our vocabulary. 4D printing is nothing more ...

Researchers at the University of Chicago recently invented a 4D-printed living material that could be a game-changer for organ and tissue regeneration. UChicago researcher conducts experiments on a ...

4D printing introduces the "time dimension" based on 3D printing, enabling printed structures to undergo controllable dynamic changes in shape, properties, or functions under external stimuli such as ...

Dilip Chalissery develops the process technology for 4D printing at Fraunhofer IAP. Photo Credit: Potsdam Science Park, sevens+maltry photographers The Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Programmable ...

With 4D printing, the objects can change shape or properties using external stimuli such as temperature, light, pH, magnetic field, electricity, and moisture. Additionally, the changes in shape or ...